Eye Health Guide
Sources and evidence
Explore the primary public-health and professional sources cited in our eye-health guides. Each entry links back to the articles that use it.
A source link supports further reading; it does not mean every sentence on an article has been independently verified. “Link checked” records when the source URL was last checked, not when an article was clinically reviewed.
Article sources
97 sources shown
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College of Optometrists · EN
Abnormalities of the pupil - College of Optometrists
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Used in these guides (1)
Moorfields Eye Hospital · EN
Acanthamoeba keratitis - Moorfields Eye Hospital
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Used in these guides (1)
American Academy of Ophthalmology · EN
American Academy of Ophthalmology EyeWiki - Digital eye strain
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Used in these guides (1)
American Academy of Ophthalmology · EN
American Academy of Ophthalmology EyeWiki - Lattice degeneration
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Used in these guides (1)
College of Optometrists · EN
Cellulitis, preseptal and orbital - College of Optometrists
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Moorfields Eye Hospital · EN
Central serous retinopathy - Moorfields Eye Hospital
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Used in these guides (1)
Moorfields Eye Hospital · EN
Chalazion - Moorfields Eye Hospital
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College of Optometrists · EN
College of Optometrists - Orthokeratology
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Used in these guides (1)
College of Optometrists · EN
Dacryocystitis (acute) - College of Optometrists
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Used in these guides (1)
Moorfields Eye Hospital · EN
Endophthalmitis - Moorfields Eye Hospital
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Used in these guides (1)
Moorfields Eye Hospital · EN
Epiphora (watering eye) - Moorfields Eye Hospital
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Used in these guides (2)
Moorfields Eye Hospital · EN
Episcleritis - Moorfields Eye Hospital
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Used in these guides (1)
Moorfields Eye Hospital · EN
Fuchs’ Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy - Moorfields Eye Hospital
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Used in these guides (1)
College of Optometrists · EN
Herpes zoster ophthalmicus (HZO) - College of Optometrists
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Used in these guides (1)
Hull University Teaching Hospitals · EN
Hull University Teaching Hospitals - Optic neuritis
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Used in these guides (1)
Moorfields Eye Hospital · EN
Keratoconus - Moorfields Eye Hospital
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Used in these guides (1)
Moorfields Eye Hospital · EN
Microbial Keratitis - Moorfields Eye Hospital
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Used in these guides (2)
Moorfields Eye Hospital · EN
Moorfields Eye Hospital - Anti-VEGF intravitreal injection treatment (PDF)
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Used in these guides (1)
Moorfields Eye Hospital · EN
Moorfields Eye Hospital - Care of your scleral contact lenses (PDF)
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Used in these guides (1)
Moorfields Eye Hospital · EN
Moorfields Eye Hospital - Contact lens FAQ’s (PDF)
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Used in these guides (2)
Moorfields Eye Hospital · EN
Moorfields Eye Hospital - Corneal cross-linking (PDF)
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Used in these guides (1)
Moorfields Eye Hospital · EN
Moorfields Eye Hospital - Corneal transplantation: penetrating keratoplasty (PK) (PDF)
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Used in these guides (1)
Moorfields Eye Hospital · EN
Moorfields Eye Hospital - Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) (PDF)
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Used in these guides (1)
Moorfields Eye Hospital · EN
Moorfields Eye Hospital - Ectropion (PDF)
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Used in these guides (1)
Moorfields Eye Hospital · EN
Moorfields Eye Hospital - Entropion (PDF)
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Moorfields Eye Hospital · EN
Moorfields Eye Hospital - How to use your eye drops (PDF)
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Moorfields Eye Hospital · EN
Moorfields Eye Hospital - Laser retinopexy (PDF)
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Moorfields Eye Hospital · EN
Moorfields Eye Hospital - Nystagmus information for teens (PDF)
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Moorfields Eye Hospital · EN
Moorfields Eye Hospital - Pterygium surgery (PDF)
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Moorfields Eye Hospital · EN
Moorfields Eye Hospital - Subconjunctival haemorrhage (PDF)
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Moorfields Eye Hospital · EN
Moorfields Eye Hospital - Vitreoretinal care
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Moorfields Eye Hospital · EN
Moorfields Eye Hospital - YAG laser treatment for posterior capsule opacification (PCO) (PDF)
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Used in these guides (1)
National Eye Institute · EN
National Eye Institute - Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)
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Used in these guides (1)
National Eye Institute · EN
National Eye Institute - Amblyopia (Lazy Eye)
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National Eye Institute · EN
National Eye Institute - Astigmatism
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National Eye Institute · EN
National Eye Institute - Blepharitis
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National Eye Institute · EN
National Eye Institute - Blepharospasm
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National Eye Institute · EN
National Eye Institute - Cataracts
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Used in these guides (3)
National Eye Institute · EN
National Eye Institute - Central Retinal Vein Occlusion (CRVO)
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National Eye Institute · EN
National Eye Institute - Color Blindness
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National Eye Institute · EN
National Eye Institute - Convergence Insufficiency
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National Eye Institute · EN
National Eye Institute - Diabetic Retinopathy
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National Eye Institute · EN
National Eye Institute - Dry Eye
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Used in these guides (5)
National Eye Institute · EN
National Eye Institute - Farsightedness (Hyperopia)
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Used in these guides (1)
National Eye Institute · EN
National Eye Institute - Floaters
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Used in these guides (2)
National Eye Institute · EN
National Eye Institute - Glaucoma
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Used in these guides (5)
National Eye Institute · EN
National Eye Institute - Graves’ Eye Disease
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National Eye Institute · EN
National Eye Institute - Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension
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National Eye Institute · EN
National Eye Institute - Low Vision
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National Eye Institute · EN
National Eye Institute - Macular Edema
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National Eye Institute · EN
National Eye Institute - Macular Hole
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National Eye Institute · EN
National Eye Institute - Macular Pucker
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National Eye Institute · EN
National Eye Institute - Nearsightedness (Myopia)
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National Eye Institute · EN
National Eye Institute - Pink Eye
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National Eye Institute · EN
National Eye Institute - Presbyopia
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National Eye Institute · EN
National Eye Institute - Retinal Detachment
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National Eye Institute · EN
National Eye Institute - Retinitis Pigmentosa
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National Eye Institute · EN
National Eye Institute - Retinoblastoma
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National Eye Institute · EN
National Eye Institute - Retinopathy of Prematurity
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National Eye Institute · EN
National Eye Institute - Uveitis
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National Eye Institute · EN
National Eye Institute - Vitreous Detachment
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NHS · EN
NHS - Black eye
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NHS · EN
NHS - Charles Bonnet syndrome
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NHS · EN
NHS - Eye cancer
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NHS · EN
NHS - Eye injuries
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Used in these guides (4)
NHS · EN
NHS - Eyelid surgery
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NHS · EN
NHS - Herpes simplex eye infections
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NHS · EN
NHS - Laser eye surgery and lens surgery
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NHS · EN
NHS - Retinal migraine
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NHS · EN
NHS - Rosacea
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NHS · EN
NHS - Sjögren's syndrome
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NHS · EN
NHS - Squint
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NHS · EN
NHS - Stye
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NHS · EN
NHS - Temporal arteritis
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NHS · EN
NHS - Twitching eyes and muscles
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NHS · EN
NHS - Vision loss
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NHS · EN
NHS — Age-related macular degeneration
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NHS · EN
NHS — Cataracts in adults
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NHS · EN
NHS — Diabetic retinopathy
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NHS · EN
NHS — Dry eyes
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NHS · EN
NHS — Floaters and flashes in the eyes
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NHS · EN
NHS — Glaucoma
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NIH Office of Dietary Supplements · EN
NIH Office of Dietary Supplements - Vitamin A
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Used in these guides (1)
College of Optometrists · EN
Photokeratitis (ultraviolet [UV] burn, arc eye, snow blindness) - College of Optometrists
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Used in these guides (1)
College of Optometrists · EN
Pinguecula - College of Optometrists
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Used in these guides (1)
Moorfields Eye Hospital · EN
Ptosis (droopy eyelid) - Moorfields Eye Hospital
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Used in these guides (2)
Moorfields Eye Hospital · EN
Retinal artery occlusion - Moorfields Eye Hospital
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Moorfields Eye Hospital · EN
Retinal tears and breaks - Moorfields Eye Hospital
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College of Optometrists · EN
Scleritis - College of Optometrists
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Queen Elizabeth Hospital · EN
The Queen Elizabeth Hospital NHS - Vitreoretinal conditions
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College of Optometrists · EN
Trauma (blunt) - College of Optometrists
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College of Optometrists · EN
Trichiasis - College of Optometrists
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World Health Organization · EN
World Health Organization - Leprosy
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World Health Organization · EN
World Health Organization - Lymphatic filariasis
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World Health Organization · EN
World Health Organization - Onchocerciasis
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Used in these guides (2)
World Health Organization · EN
World Health Organization - Taeniasis/cysticercosis
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World Health Organization · EN
World Health Organization - Trachoma
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Used in these guides (1)
Official care routes by region
Choose the health system where you live. Eligibility and referral rules can change; confirm them with the service.
Indonesia
- BPJS Kesehatan ↗ (Source language: ID)
- Mobile JKN: antrean FKRTL ↗ (Source language: ID)
United Kingdom
- NHS: opticians and sight tests ↗ (Source language: EN)
- NHS: when to use 111 ↗ (Source language: EN)
United States
- National Eye Institute: finding an eye doctor ↗ (Source language: EN)
India
- National Health Authority: hospital search ↗ (Source language: EN)
- Ministry of Health: AB PM-JAY ↗ (Source language: EN)
Latin America
- México: estrategia Ver por México ↗ (Source language: ES)