Condition
Macular hole
Clinically reviewed · Last reviewed 2026-06-13
Practical guides
What it is
The macula provides detailed central vision for reading and faces. A macular hole is a full-thickness defect in this area, often developing when the vitreous gel pulls on the macula as it shrinks with age.
Common symptoms
Symptoms usually develop gradually in one eye.
- Blurred or missing central vision
- Straight lines looking bent or wavy
- A grey or blank patch in the centre
- Difficulty reading or seeing fine detail
Causes and risk factors
Most macular holes are age-related and more common in women. Severe short-sightedness, eye injury and retinal detachment increase the risk. They are different from macular degeneration, though both affect central vision.
Treatment
Many macular holes are treated with vitrectomy surgery to close the hole and improve vision, especially when caught early. Without treatment, central vision often worsens. An OCT scan helps confirm the diagnosis and plan treatment.
Treatments & Surgery
Frequently asked questions
Is a macular hole the same as macular degeneration?
No. A macular hole is a physical gap in the central retina, often treated with surgery. Macular degeneration is a different condition involving gradual damage to the macula, usually managed without hole-closing surgery.
Can a macular hole heal on its own?
A small number of early holes can close without surgery, but many need vitrectomy for the best chance of vision improvement. Specialist assessment guides the decision.
How successful is macular hole surgery?
Surgery closes most holes and improves vision in many people, especially when treated early. Recovery takes weeks to months, and reading vision may continue improving over time.