Condition library

Children's and newborn eye conditions

Conditions that especially affect babies, children and young people, including screening and emergency warning signs.

Clinically reviewed · Last reviewed 2026-06-13

Amblyopia (lazy eye) Reduced vision in one eye that did not develop normally in childhood; most treatable when caught early. Squint (strabismus) Eyes that point in different directions; common in children and treatable, and can also affect adults. Retinopathy of prematurity Abnormal blood vessel growth in premature babies' retinas; screened and treated to prevent vision loss. Retinoblastoma A rare childhood eye cancer; a white pupil reflex in photos or a squint needs urgent specialist assessment. Blocked tear duct Tears cannot drain properly, causing a watery or sticky eye; common in babies and adults. Nystagmus Involuntary, repetitive eye movements that can affect vision; managed with support and treating any cause. Droopy eyelid (ptosis) An upper eyelid that droops over the eye; usually age-related and treatable, but a sudden droop needs checking.

Frequently asked questions

What is leukocoria and why is it urgent?

Leukocoria is a white or pale pupil reflex, often seen in flash photos. It can be a sign of retinoblastoma or other serious problems and needs urgent paediatric eye assessment — do not wait.

Do blocked tear ducts in babies need surgery?

Most open on their own within the first year. Persistent watering, frequent infections, or a red swollen eye need review.

When should a child's squint be checked?

Any new squint, especially with a white pupil reflex or vision change, should be assessed promptly to protect sight and rule out serious causes.

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